open_by_handle_at(2)

NAME
name_to_handle_at, open_by_handle_at - obtain handle for a pathname and open file via a handle

LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
#define _GNU_SOURCE         /* See feature_test_macros(7) */
#include <fcntl.h>

int name_to_handle_at(int dirfd, const char *pathname,
                      struct file_handle *handle,
                      int *mount_id, int flags);
int open_by_handle_at(int mount_fd, struct file_handle *handle,
                      int flags);

DESCRIPTION
The name_to_handle_at() and open_by_handle_at() system calls split the functionality of openat(2) into two parts: name_to_handle_at() returns an opaque handle that corresponds to a specified file; open_by_handle_at() opens the file corresponding to a handle returned by a previous call to name_to_handle_at() and returns an open file descriptor.

  name_to_handle_at()
The name_to_handle_at() system call returns a file handle and a mount ID corresponding to the file specified by the dirfd and pathname arguments. The file handle is returned via the argument handle, which is a pointer to a structure of the following form:

    struct file_handle {
        unsigned int  handle_bytes;   /* Size of f_handle [in, out] */
        int           handle_type;    /* Handle type [out] */
        unsigned char f_handle[0];    /* File identifier (sized by
                                         caller) [out] */
    };

It is the caller's responsibility to allocate the structure with a size large enough to hold the handle returned in f_handle. Before the call, the handle_bytes field should be initialized to contain the allocated size for f_handle. (The constant MAX_HANDLE_SZ, defined in <fcntl.h>, specifies the maximum expected size for a file handle. It is not a guaranteed upper limit as future filesystems may require more space.) Upon successful return, the handle_bytes field is updated to contain the number of bytes actually written to f_handle.

The caller can discover the required size for the file_handle structure by making a call in which handle->handle_bytes is zero; in this case, the call fails with the error EOVERFLOW and handle->handle_bytes is set to indicate the required size; the caller can then use this information to allocate a structure of the correct size (see EXAMPLES below). Some care is needed here as EOVERFLOW can also indicate that no file handle is available for this particular name in a filesystem which does normally support file-handle lookup. This case can be detected when the EOVERFLOW error is returned without handle_bytes being increased.

Other than the use of the handle_bytes field, the caller should treat the file_handle structure as an opaque data type: the handle_type and f_handle fields can be used in a subsequent call to open_by_handle_at(). The caller can also use the opaque file_handle to compare the identity of filesystem objects that were queried at different times and possibly at different paths. The fanotify(7) subsystem can report events with an information record containing a file_handle to identify the filesystem object.

The flags argument is a bit mask constructed by ORing together zero or more of AT_HANDLE_FID, AT_EMPTY_PATH, and AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW, described below.

When flags contain the AT_HANDLE_FID (since Linux 6.5) flag, the caller indicates that the returned file_handle is needed to identify the filesystem object, and not for opening the file later, so it should be expected that a subsequent call to open_by_handle_at() with the returned file_handle may fail.

Together, the pathname and dirfd arguments identify the file for which a handle is to be obtained. There are four distinct cases:

•   If pathname is a nonempty string containing an absolute pathname, then a handle is returned for the file referred to by that pathname. In this case, dirfd is ignored.

•   If pathname is a nonempty string containing a relative pathname and dirfd has the special value AT_FDCWD, then pathname is interpreted relative to the current working directory of the caller, and a handle is returned for the file to which it refers.

•   If pathname is a nonempty string containing a relative pathname and dirfd is a file descriptor referring to a directory, then pathname is interpreted relative to the directory referred to by dirfd, and a handle is returned for the file to which it refers. (See openat(2) for an explanation of why "directory file descriptors" are useful.)

•   If pathname is an empty string and flags specifies the value AT_EMPTY_PATH, then dirfd can be an open file descriptor referring to any type of file, or AT_FDCWD, meaning the current working directory, and a handle is returned for the file to which it refers.

The mount_id argument returns an identifier for the filesystem mount that corresponds to pathname. This corresponds to the first field in one of the records in /proc/self/mountinfo. Opening the pathname in the fifth field of that record yields a file descriptor for the mount point; that file descriptor can be used in a subsequent call to open_by_handle_at(). mount_id is returned both for a successful call and for a call that results in the error EOVERFLOW.

By default, name_to_handle_at() does not dereference pathname if it is a symbolic link, and thus returns a handle for the link itself. If AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW is specified in flags, pathname is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link (so that the call returns a handle for the file referred to by the link).

name_to_handle_at() does not trigger a mount when the final component of the pathname is an automount point. When a filesystem supports both file handles and automount points, a name_to_handle_at() call on an automount point will return with error EOVERFLOW without having increased handle_bytes. This can happen since Linux 4.13 with NFS when accessing a directory which is on a separate filesystem on the server. In this case, the automount can be triggered by adding a "/" to the end of the pathname.

  open_by_handle_at()
The open_by_handle_at() system call opens the file referred to by handle, a file handle returned by a previous call to name_to_handle_at().

The mount_fd argument is a file descriptor for any object (file, directory, etc.) in the mounted filesystem with respect to which handle should be interpreted. The special value AT_FDCWD can be specified, meaning the current working directory of the caller.

The flags argument is as for open(2). If handle refers to a symbolic link, the caller must specify the O_PATH flag, and the symbolic link is not dereferenced; the O_NOFOLLOW flag, if specified, is ignored.

The caller must have the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability to invoke open_by_handle_at().

RETURN VALUE
On success, name_to_handle_at() returns 0, and open_by_handle_at() returns a file descriptor (a nonnegative integer).

In the event of an error, both system calls return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

ERRORS
name_to_handle_at() and open_by_handle_at() can fail for the same errors as openat(2). In addition, they can fail with the errors noted below.

name_to_handle_at() can fail with the following errors:

EFAULT
    pathname, mount_id, or handle points outside your accessible address space.

EINVAL
    flags includes an invalid bit value.

EINVAL
    handle->handle_bytes is greater than MAX_HANDLE_SZ.

ENOENT
    pathname is an empty string, but AT_EMPTY_PATH was not specified in flags.

ENOTDIR
    The file descriptor supplied in dirfd does not refer to a directory, and it is not the case that both flags includes AT_EMPTY_PATH and pathname is an empty string.

EOPNOTSUPP
    The filesystem does not support decoding of a pathname to a file handle.

EOVERFLOW
    The handle->handle_bytes value passed into the call was too small. When this error occurs, handle->handle_bytes is updated to indicate the required size for the handle.

open_by_handle_at() can fail with the following errors:

EBADF
    mount_fd is not an open file descriptor.

EBADF
    pathname is relative but dirfd is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor.

EFAULT
    handle points outside your accessible address space.

EINVAL
    handle->handle_bytes is greater than MAX_HANDLE_SZ or is equal to zero.

ELOOP
    handle refers to a symbolic link, but O_PATH was not specified in flags.

EPERM
    The caller does not have the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability.

ESTALE
    The specified handle is not valid for opening a file. This error will occur if, for example, the file has been deleted. This error can also occur if the handle was acquired using the AT_HANDLE_FID flag and the filesystem does not support open_by_handle_at().

VERSIONS
FreeBSD has a broadly similar pair of system calls in the form of getfh() and fhopen().

STANDARDS
Linux.

HISTORY
Linux 2.6.39, glibc 2.14.

NOTES
A file handle can be generated in one process using name_to_handle_at() and later used in a different process that calls open_by_handle_at().

Some filesystem don't support the translation of pathnames to file handles, for example, /proc, /sys, and various network filesystems. Some filesystems support the translation of pathnames to file handles, but do not support using those file handles in open_by_handle_at().

A file handle may become invalid ("stale") if a file is deleted, or for other filesystem-specific reasons. Invalid handles are notified by an ESTALE error from open_by_handle_at().

These system calls are designed for use by user-space file servers. For example, a user-space NFS server might generate a file handle and pass it to an NFS client. Later, when the client wants to open the file, it could pass the handle back to the server. This sort of functionality allows a user-space file server to operate in a stateless fashion with respect to the files it serves.

If pathname refers to a symbolic link and flags does not specify AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW, then name_to_handle_at() returns a handle for the link (rather than the file to which it refers). The process receiving the handle can later perform operations on the symbolic link by converting the handle to a file descriptor using open_by_handle_at() with the O_PATH flag, and then passing the file descriptor as the dirfd argument in system calls such as readlinkat(2) and fchownat(2).

  Obtaining a persistent filesystem ID
The mount IDs in /proc/self/mountinfo can be reused as filesystems are unmounted and mounted. Therefore, the mount ID returned by name_to_handle_at() (in *mount_id) should not be treated as a persistent identifier for the corresponding mounted filesystem. However, an application can use the information in the mountinfo record that corresponds to the mount ID to derive a persistent identifier.

For example, one can use the device name in the fifth field of the mountinfo record to search for the corresponding device UUID via the symbolic links in /dev/disks/by-uuid. (A more comfortable way of obtaining the UUID is to use the libblkid(3) library.) That process can then be reversed, using the UUID to look up the device name, and then obtaining the corresponding mount point, in order to produce the mount_fd argument used by open_by_handle_at().

EXAMPLES
The two programs below demonstrate the use of name_to_handle_at() and open_by_handle_at(). The first program (t_name_to_handle_at.c) uses name_to_handle_at() to obtain the file handle and mount ID for the file specified in its command-line argument; the handle and mount ID are written to standard output.

The second program (t_open_by_handle_at.c) reads a mount ID and file handle from standard input. The program then employs open_by_handle_at() to open the file using that handle. If an optional command-line argument is supplied, then the mount_fd argument for open_by_handle_at() is obtained by opening the directory named in that argument. Otherwise, mount_fd is obtained by scanning /proc/self/mountinfo to find a record whose mount ID matches the mount ID read from standard input, and the mount directory specified in that record is opened. (These programs do not deal with the fact that mount IDs are not persistent.)

The following shell session demonstrates the use of these two programs:

    $ echo 'Can you please think about it?' > cecilia.txt
    $ ./t_name_to_handle_at cecilia.txt > fh
    $ ./t_open_by_handle_at < fh
    open_by_handle_at: Operation not permitted
    $ sudo ./t_open_by_handle_at < fh      # Need CAP_SYS_ADMIN
    Read 31 bytes
    $ rm cecilia.txt

Now we delete and (quickly) re-create the file so that it has the same content and (by chance) the same inode. Nevertheless, open_by_handle_at() recognizes that the original file referred to by the file handle no longer exists.

    $ stat --printf="%i\n" cecilia.txt     # Display inode number
    4072121
    $ rm cecilia.txt
    $ echo 'Can you please think about it?' > cecilia.txt
    $ stat --printf="%i\n" cecilia.txt     # Check inode number
    4072121
    $ sudo ./t_open_by_handle_at < fh
    open_by_handle_at: Stale NFS file handle

  Program source: t_name_to_handle_at.c
    #define _GNU_SOURCE
    #include <err.h>
    #include <errno.h>
    #include <fcntl.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>

    int
    main(int argc, char *argv[])
    {
        int                 mount_id, fhsize, flags, dirfd;
        char                *pathname;
        struct file_handle  *fhp;

        if (argc != 2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s pathname\n", argv[0]);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        pathname = argv[1];

        /* Allocate file_handle structure. */

        fhsize = sizeof(*fhp);
        fhp = malloc(fhsize);
        if (fhp == NULL)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc");

        /* Make an initial call to name_to_handle_at() to discover
           the size required for file handle. */

        dirfd = AT_FDCWD;           /* For name_to_handle_at() calls */
        flags = 0;                  /* For name_to_handle_at() calls */
        fhp->handle_bytes = 0;
        if (name_to_handle_at(dirfd, pathname, fhp,
                              &mount_id, flags) != -1
            || errno != EOVERFLOW)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected result from name_to_handle_at()\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* Reallocate file_handle structure with correct size. */

        fhsize = sizeof(*fhp) + fhp->handle_bytes;
        fhp = realloc(fhp, fhsize);         /* Copies fhp->handle_bytes */
        if (fhp == NULL)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "realloc");

        /* Get file handle from pathname supplied on command line. */

        if (name_to_handle_at(dirfd, pathname, fhp, &mount_id, flags) == -1)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "name_to_handle_at");

        /* Write mount ID, file handle size, and file handle to stdout,
           for later reuse by t_open_by_handle_at.c. */

        printf("%d\n", mount_id);
        printf("%u %d   ", fhp->handle_bytes, fhp->handle_type);
        for (size_t j = 0; j < fhp->handle_bytes; j++)
            printf(" %02x", fhp->f_handle[j]);
        printf("\n");

        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

  Program source: t_open_by_handle_at.c
    #define _GNU_SOURCE
    #include <err.h>
    #include <fcntl.h>
    #include <limits.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <unistd.h>

    /* Scan /proc/self/mountinfo to find the line whose mount ID matches
       'mount_id'. (An easier way to do this is to install and use the
       'libmount' library provided by the 'util-linux' project.)
       Open the corresponding mount path and return the resulting file
       descriptor. */

    static int
    open_mount_path_by_id(int mount_id)
    {
        int      mi_mount_id, found;
        char     mount_path[PATH_MAX];
        char     *linep;
        FILE     *fp;
        size_t   lsize;
        ssize_t  nread;

        fp = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "r");
        if (fp == NULL)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "fopen");

        found = 0;
        linep = NULL;
        while (!found) {
            nread = getline(&linep, &lsize, fp);
            if (nread == -1)
                break;

            nread = sscanf(linep, "%d %*d %*s %*s %s",
                           &mi_mount_id, mount_path);
            if (nread != 2) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Bad sscanf()\n");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }

            if (mi_mount_id == mount_id)
                found = 1;
        }
        free(linep);

        fclose(fp);

        if (!found) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not find mount point\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        return open(mount_path, O_RDONLY);
    }

    int
    main(int argc, char *argv[])
    {
        int                 mount_id, fd, mount_fd, handle_bytes;
        char                buf[1000];
    #define LINE_SIZE 100
        char                line1[LINE_SIZE], line2[LINE_SIZE];
        char                *nextp;
        ssize_t             nread;
        struct file_handle  *fhp;

        if ((argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0) || argc > 2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [mount-path]\n", argv[0]);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* Standard input contains mount ID and file handle information:

             Line 1: <mount_id>
             Line 2: <handle_bytes> <handle_type>   <bytes of handle in hex>
        */

        if (fgets(line1, sizeof(line1), stdin) == NULL ||
            fgets(line2, sizeof(line2), stdin) == NULL)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "Missing mount_id / file handle\n");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        mount_id = atoi(line1);

        handle_bytes = strtoul(line2, &nextp, 0);

        /* Given handle_bytes, we can now allocate file_handle structure. */

        fhp = malloc(sizeof(*fhp) + handle_bytes);
        if (fhp == NULL)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc");

        fhp->handle_bytes = handle_bytes;

        fhp->handle_type = strtoul(nextp, &nextp, 0);

        for (size_t j = 0; j < fhp->handle_bytes; j++)
            fhp->f_handle[j] = strtoul(nextp, &nextp, 16);

        /* Obtain file descriptor for mount point, either by opening
           the pathname specified on the command line, or by scanning
           /proc/self/mounts to find a mount that matches the 'mount_id'
           that we received from stdin. */

        if (argc > 1)
            mount_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
        else
            mount_fd = open_mount_path_by_id(mount_id);

        if (mount_fd == -1)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "opening mount fd");

        /* Open file using handle and mount point. */

        fd = open_by_handle_at(mount_fd, fhp, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd == -1)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "open_by_handle_at");

        /* Try reading a few bytes from the file. */

        nread = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
        if (nread == -1)
            err(EXIT_FAILURE, "read");

        printf("Read %zd bytes\n", nread);

        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

SEE ALSO
open(2), libblkid(3), blkid(8), findfs(8), mount(8)

The libblkid and libmount documentation in the latest util-linux release at https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/